DISSEMINATED HISTOPLASMOSIS AS AIDS PRESENTATION. CASE REPORT AND COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF CURRENT LITERATURE
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Keywords
Disseminated histoplasmosis, HIV, AIDS, Histoplasma capsulatum
Abstract
Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis (PDH) is an AIDS-defining illness with a high lethality rate if not promptly treated. The wide range of its possible clinical manifestations represents the main barrier to diagnosis in non-endemic countries. Here we present a case of PDH with haemophagocytic syndrome in a newly diagnosed HIV patient and a comprehensive review of disseminated histoplasmosis focused on epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic tools and treatment options in HIV-infected patients.
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References
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3 Jones JL, Hanson DL, Dworkin MS, Alderton DL, Fleming PL, Kaplan JE, Ward J Surveillance for AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses, 1992-1997. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. 1999 Apr 16;48(2):1-22.
4. Martin-Iguacel R, Kurtzhals J, Jouvion G, Nielsen SD, Llibre JM. Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis in the HIV population in Europe in the HAART era. Case report and literature review. Infection. 2014 Aug;42(4):611-20.
5 Daher EF, Silva GB Jr, Barros FA, Takeda CF, Mota RM, Ferreira MT, Oliveira SA, Martins JC, Araújo SM, Gutiérrez-Adrianzén OA. Clinical and laboratory features of disseminated histoplasmosis in HIV patients from Brazil. Trop Med Int Health. 2007 Sep;12(9):1108-15.
6 Istituto Superiore di Sanità. Aggiornamento delle nuove diagnosi di infezione da HIV e dei casi di AIDS in Italia al 31 Dicembre 2016.
7 Bahr NC, Antinori S, Wheat LJ, Sarosi GA. Histoplasmosis infections worldwide: thinking outside of the Ohio River valley. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2015 Jun 1;2(2):70-80.
8 Benedict K, Mody RK. Epidemiology of Histoplasmosis Outbreaks, United States, 1938-2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 Mar;22(3):370-8.
9 Colombo AL, Tobón A, Restrepo A, Queiroz-Telles F, Nucci M. Epidemiology of endemic systemic fungal infections in Latin America. Med Mycol. 2011 Nov;49(8):785-98.
10 Wang TL1, Cheah JS, Holmberg K. Case report and review of disseminated histoplasmosis in South-East Asia: clinical and epidemiological implications. Trop Med Int Health. 1996 Feb;1(1):35-42.
11 Gugnani HC. Histoplasmosis in Africa: a review. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2000 Oct-Dec;42(4):271-7.
12 Confalonieri M1, Nanetti A, Gandola L, Colavecchio A, Aiolfi S, Cannatelli G, Parigi P, Scartabellati A, Della Porta R, Mazzoni A. Histoplasmosis capsulati in Italy: autochthonous or imported? Eur J Epidemiol. 1994 Aug;10(4):435-9.
13 Ashbee HR, Evans EGV, Viviani MA, Dupont B, Chryssanthou E, Surmont I, et al. Histoplasmosis in Europe: report on an epidemiological survey from the European Confederation of Medical Mycology Working Group. Med Mycol. 2008;46:57–65.
14 Centers for Disease Control. Revision of the CDC Surveillance Case Definition of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. MMWR 1987; 36 (Suppl. No 36).
15 Denning DW. Minimizing fungal disease deaths will allow the UNAIDS target of reducing annual AIDS deaths below 500 000 by 2020 to be realized. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2016 Dec 5;371(1709).
16 López Daneri GA, Arechavala A, Iovannitti CA, Mujica MT. Histoplasmosis diseminada en pacientes HIV/SIDA: Buenos Aires, 2009-2014. Medicina. 76. 2016; 332-337.
17 Antinori S1, Magni C, Nebuloni M, Parravicini C, Corbellino M, Sollima S, Galimberti L, Ridolfo AL, Wheat LJ. Histoplasmosis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected people in Europe: report of 4 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2006 Jan;85(1):22-36
18 Maresca B, Kobayashi GS. Dimorphism in Histoplasma capsulatum: a model for the study of cell differentiation in pathogenic fungi. Microbiol Rev. 1989 Jun;53(2):186-209
19 Woods JP. Revisiting old friends: Developments in understanding Histoplasma capsulatum pathogenesis. J Microbiol. 2016 Mar;54(3):265-76.
20 Woods JP1, Heinecke EL, Luecke JW, Maldonado E, Ng JZ, Retallack DM, Timmerman MM.
Pathogenesis of Histoplasma capsulatum. Semin Respir Infect. 2001 Jun;16(2):91-101.
21 Taylor ML, Díaz S, González PA, Sosa AC, Toriello C. Relationship between pathogenesis and immune regulation mechanisms in histoplasmosis: a hypothetical approach. Rev Infect Dis. 1984 Nov-Dec;6(6):775-82.
22 Sepúlveda VE, Williams CL1, Goldman WE2. Comparison of phylogenetically distinct Histoplasma strains reveals evolutionarily divergent virulence strategies. MBio. 2014 Jul 1;5(4):e01376-14.
23 Kauffman CA. Histoplasmosis: a clinical and laboratory update. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007 Jan;20(1):115-32.
24 Sizemore TC. Rheumatologic manifestations of histoplasmosis: a review. Rheumatol Int. 2013 Dec;33(12):2963-5.
25 Unis G, Pêgas KL, Severo LC. [Pulmonary histoplasmoma in Rio Grande do Sul]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2005 Jan-Feb;38(1):11-4.
26 Diaz RI, Sigler EJ, Rafieetary MR, Calzada JI. Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. Surv Ophthalmol. 2015 Jul-Aug;60(4):279-95.
27 De D, Nath UK. Disseminated Histoplasmosis in Immunocompetent Individuals- not a so Rare Entity, in India. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2015 Apr 20;7(1):e2015028.
28 Focà E, Odolini S, Brianese N, Carosi G. Malaria and hiv in adults: when the parasite runs into the virus. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2012;4(1):e2012032
29 Adenis A, Nacher M, Hanf M, Vantilcke V, Boukhari R, Blachet D, Demar M, Aznar C, Carme B, Couppie P. HIV-associated histoplasmosis early mortality and incidence trends: from neglect to priority. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Aug 21;8(8):e3100.
30 Untanu RV, Akbar S, Graziano S, Vajpayee N. Histoplasmosis-Induced Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in an Adult Patient: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2016;2016:1358742.
31 Henter JI, Horne A, Aricó M, Egeler RM, Filipovich AH, Imashuku S, Ladisch S, McClain K, Webb D, Winiarski J, Janka G. HLH-2004: Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007 Feb;48(2):124-31.
32Townsend JL, Shanbhag S, Hancock J, Bowman K, Nijhawan AE. Histoplasmosis-Induced Hemophagocytic Syndrome: A Case Series and Review of the Literature. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2015 Apr 15;2(2):ofv055.
33 Nyalakonda H, Albuerne M, Suazo Hernandez LP, Sarria JC. Central Nervous System Histoplasmosis in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Am J Med Sci. 2016 Feb;351(2):177-86.
34 Wheat LJ, Musial CE, Jenny-Avital E. Diagnosis and management of central nervous system histoplasmosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Mar 15;40(6):844-52.
35 Eidbo J, Sanchez RL, Tschen JA, Ellner KM. Cutaneous manifestations of histoplasmosis in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol. 1993 Feb;17(2):110-6.
36 Klein IP, Martins MA, Martins MD, Carrard VC. Diagnosis of HIV infection on the basis of histoplasmosis-related oral ulceration. Spec Care Dentist. 2016 Mar-Apr;36(2):99-103.
37 Koene RJ, Catanese J, Sarosi GA. Adrenal hypofunction from histoplasmosis: a literature review from 1971 to 2012. Infection. 2013 Aug;41(4):757-9.
38 Nimitvilai S, Thammaprasert W, Vinyuvat S. Histoplasmosis myositis: a case report and literature review. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2015 Jul;46(4):738-42.
39 Mambie A, Pasquet A, Melliez H, Bonne S, Blanc AL, Patoz P, Ajana F. A case of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome related to a disseminated histoplasmosis in an HIV-1 infected patient. AIDS. 2013 Aug 24;27(13):2170-2.
40 Silva TC, Treméa CM, Zara AL, Mendonça AF, Godoy CS, Costa CR, Souza LK, Silva MR. Prevalence and lethality among patients with histoplasmosis and AIDS in the Midwest Region of Brazil. Mycoses. 2017 Jan;60(1):59-65.
41 Gupta N, Arora SK, Rajwanshi A, Nijhawan R, Srinivasan R. Histoplasmosis: cytodiagnosis and review of literature with special emphasis on differential diagnosis on cytomorphology. Cytopathology. 2010 Aug;21(4):240-4.
42 Qin L, Zhao L, Tan C, Chen XU, Yang Z, Mo W. A novel method of combining Periodic Acid Schiff staining with Wright-Giemsa staining to identify the pathogens Penicillium marneffei, Histoplasma capsulatum, Mucor and Leishmania donovani in bone marrow smears. Exp Ther Med. 2015 May;9(5):1950-1954.
43 Mukunyadzi P, Johnson M, Wyble JG, Scott M. Diagnosis of histoplasmosis in urine cytology: reactive urothelial changes, a diagnostic pitfall. Case report and literature review of urinary tract infections. Diagn Cytopathol. 2002 Apr;26(4):243-6.
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