- KAWASAKI DISEASE AS THE IMMUNE-MEDIATED ECHO OF A VIRAL INFECTION Kawasaki Disease and Viral Infections
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Keywords
Kawasaki disease
Abstract
Although etiology of Kawasaki disease remains elusive, the available evidence indicates that the primum movens might be a dysregulation of immune responses to various microbes, i.e. a kind of immune-mediated response induced by a viral infection. Even if several data might suggest that Kawasaki disease is an infection-related clinical syndrome, which can develop only in children with a predisposing genetic background, our knowledge on both the infectious agents involved and the genetic characteristics of children prone to the disease remains poor.
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References
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8. De Rosa G, Pardeo M, Rigante D. Current recommendations for the pharmacologic therapy in Kawasaki syndrome and management of its cardiovascular complications. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2007;11:301-8. PMid: 18074939
9. Marchesi A, Tarissi De Jacobis I, Rigante D, et al. Kawasaki disease: guidelines of the Italian Society of Pediatrics, part I - definition, epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical expression and management of the acute phase. Ital J Pediatr 2018;44(1):102. doi: 10.1186/s13052-018-0536-3 PMid: 30157897
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27. Song E, Kajon AE, Wang H, et al. Clinical and virologic characteristics may aid distinction of acute adenovirus disease from Kawasaki disease with incidental adenovirus detection. J Pediatr 2016;170:325-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.11.021 PMid: 26707621
28. Okano M, Luka J, Thiele GM, et al. Human herpesvirus 6 infection and Kawasaki disease. J Clin Microbiol 1989;27:2379-80. PMid: 2555393
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30. Holm JM, Hansen LK, Oxhøj H. Kawasaki disease associated with parvovirus B19 infection. Eur J Pediatr 1995;154:633-4. doi: 10.1007/BF02079066 PMid: 7588963
31. Usta Guc B, Cengiz N, Yildirim SV, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection in a patient with atypical Kawasaki disease. Rheumatol Int 2008;28:387-9. doi: 10.1007/s00296-007-0440-4 PMid: 17717671
32. Kanegane H, Tsuji T, Seki H, et al. Kawasaki disease with a concomitant primary Epstein-Barr virus infection. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1994;36 713-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.1994.tb03277.x PMid: 7871990
33. Kikuta H, Matsumoto S, Yanase Y, et al. Recurrence of Kawasaki disease and Epstein-Barr virus infection. J Infect Dis 1990;162:1215. doi 10.1093/infdis/162.5.1215 PMid: 2172398
34. Kuijpers TW, Herweijer TJ, Scholvinck L, et al. Kawasaki disease associated with measles virus infection in a monozygotic twin. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:350-3. doi: 10.1097/00006454-200004000-00018 PMid: 10783028
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40. Catalano-Pons C, Giraud C, Rozenberg F, et al. Detection of human bocavirus in children with Kawasaki disease. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007;13:1220-2. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01827.x PMid: 17850342
41. Santos RA, Nogueira CS, Granja S, et al. Kawasaki disease and human bocavirus-potential association? J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2011;44:235-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2011.01.016 PMid: 21524620
42. Bajolle F, Meritet JF, Rozenberg F, et al. Markers of a recent bocavirus infection in children with Kawasaki disease: "a year prospective study". Pathol Biol (Paris) 2014;62:365-8. doi: 10.1016/j.patbio.2014.06.002 PMid: 25193448
43. Thissen JB, Isshiki M, Jaing C, et al. A novel variant of torque teno virus 7 identified in patients with Kawasaki disease. PLoS One 2018;13(12):e0209683. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209683 PMid: 30592753
44. Maggio MC, Fabiano C, Corsello G. Kawasaki disease triggered by EBV virus in a child with familial Mediterranean fever. Ital J Pediatr 2019;45:129. doi: 10.1186/s13052-019-0717-8 PMid: 31627741
45. Maggio MC, Cimaz R, Alaimo A, et al. Kawasaki disease triggered by parvovirus infection: an atypical case report of two siblings. J Med Case Rep 2019;13:104. doi: 10.1186/s13256-019-2028-5 PMid: 31014402
46. Wang J, Sun F, Deng HL, et al. Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus infection in a patient with incomplete Kawasaki disease: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019;98(15):e15009. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000015009 PMid: 30985646
47. Chang LY, Lu CY, Shao PL, et al. Viral infections associated with Kawasaki disease. J Formos Med Assoc 2014;113:148-54. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2013.12.008 PMid: 24495555
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50. Shirato K, Imada Y, Kawase M, et al. Possible involvement of infection with human coronavirus 229E, but not NL63, in Kawasaki disease. J Med Virol 2014;86:2146-53. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23950 PMid: 24760654
51. Jones VG, Mills M, Suarez D, et al. COVID-19 and Kawasaki disease: novel virus and novel case. Hosp Pediatr 2020;10:537-40. doi: 10.1542/hpeds.2020-0123 PMid: 32265235
52. Rivera-Figueroa EI, Santos R, Simpson S, et al. Incomplete Kawasaki Disease in a child with Covid-19. Indian Pediatr 2020 May 9:S097475591600179. PMid: 32393680
53. Verdoni L, Mazza A, Gervasoni A, et al. An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study. Lancet 2020;395(10239): 1771-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31103-X PMid: 32410760
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56. Rowley AH, Baker SC, Shulman ST, et al. Ultrastructural, immunofluorescence, and RNA evidence support the hypothesis of a "new" virus associated with Kawasaki disease. J Infect Dis 2011;203:1021-30. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiq136 PMid: 21402552
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2. Kawasaki T, Kosaki F, Okawa S, et al. A new infantile acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) prevailing in Japan. Pediatrics 1974;54:271-6. PMid: 4153258
3. Newburger JW, Takahashi M, Gerber MA, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease: a statement for health professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. Pediatrics 2004;114:1708-33. doi: 10.1542/peds.2004-2182 PMid: 15574639
4. Falcini F, Capannini S, Rigante D. Kawasaki syndrome: an intriguing disease with numerous unsolved dilemmas. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2011;9:17. doi: 10.1186/1546-0096-9-17 PMid: 21774801
5. Amano S, Hazama F, Kubagawa H, et al. General pathology of Kawasaki disease on the morphological alterations corresponding to the clinical manifestations. Acta Pathol Jpn 1980;30:681-94. PMid: 7446109
6. Hamashima Y. Kawasaki disease. Heart Vessels Suppl 1985;1:271-6. doi: 10.1007/BF02072407 PMid: 3843587
7. Suzuki A, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Komatsu K, et al. Active remodeling of the coronary arterial lesions in the late phase of Kawasaki disease: immunohistochemical study. Circulation 2000;101:2935-41. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.101.25.2935 PMid: 10869266
8. De Rosa G, Pardeo M, Rigante D. Current recommendations for the pharmacologic therapy in Kawasaki syndrome and management of its cardiovascular complications. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2007;11:301-8. PMid: 18074939
9. Marchesi A, Tarissi De Jacobis I, Rigante D, et al. Kawasaki disease: guidelines of the Italian Society of Pediatrics, part I - definition, epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical expression and management of the acute phase. Ital J Pediatr 2018;44(1):102. doi: 10.1186/s13052-018-0536-3 PMid: 30157897
10. Marchesi A, Tarissi De Jacobis I, Rigante D, et al. Kawasaki disease: guidelines of Italian Society of Pediatrics, part II - treatment of resistant forms and cardiovascular complications, follow-up, lifestyle and prevention of cardiovascular risks. Ital J Pediatr 2018;44(1):103. doi: 10.1186/s13052-018-0529-2 PMid: 30157893
11. Rigante D, Valentini P, Rizzo D, et al. Responsiveness to intravenous immunoglobulins and occurrence of coronary artery abnormalities in a single-center cohort of Italian patients with Kawasaki syndrome. Rheumatol Int 2010;30:841-6. doi: 10.1007/s00296-009-1337-1 PMid: 20049445
12. Rigante D, Andreozzi L, Fastiggi M, et al. Critical overview of the risk scoring systems to predict non-responsiveness to intravenous immunoglobulin in Kawasaki syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2016;17:278. doi: 10.3390/ijms17030278 PMid: 26927060
13. Falcini F, Ozen S, Magni-Manzoni S, et al. Discrimination between incomplete and atypical Kawasaki syndrome versus other febrile diseases in childhood: results from an international registry-based study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2012;30:799-804. PMid: 23020938
14. Stabile A, Bertoni B, Ansuini V, et al. The clinical spectrum and treatment options of macrophage activation syndrome in the pediatric age. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2006;10:53-9. PMid: 16705949
15. Principi N, Rigante D, Esposito S. The role of infection in Kawasaki syndrome. J Infect 2013;67:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.04.004. PMid: 23603251
16. Rigante D, Tarantino G, Valentini P. Non-infectious makers of Kawasaki syndrome: tangible or elusive triggers? Immunol Res 2016;64:51-4. doi: 10.1007/s12026-015-8679-4 PMid: 26232895
17. Rowley AH, Shulman ST. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease. Front Pediatr. 2018;6:374. doi: 10.3389/fped.2018.00374 PMid: 30619784
18. Burns JC, Herzog L, Fabri O, et al. Seasonality of Kawasaki disease: a global perspective. PLoS One 2013;8(9):e74529. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074529 PMid: 24058585
19. Shimizu D, Hoshina T, Kawamura M, et al. Seasonality in clinical courses of Kawasaki disease. Arch Dis Child 2019;104:694-6. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2018-315267 PMid: 30413486
20. Turnier JL, Anderson MS, Heizer HR, et al. Concurrent respiratory viruses and Kawasaki disease. Pediatrics. 2015;136:e609-14. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-0950 PMid: 26304824
21. Jordan-Villegas A, Chang ML, Ramilo O, et al. Concomitant respiratory viral infections in children with Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010;29:770-2. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181dba70b PMid: 20354462
22. Benseler SM, McCrindle BW, Silverman ED, et al. Infections and Kawasaki disease: implications for coronary artery outcome. Pediatrics 2005;116:e760-6. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-0559 PMid: 16322132
23. Matsuno S, Utagawa E, Sugiura A. Association of rotavirus infection with Kawasaki syndrome. J Infect Dis 1983;148:177. doi: 10.1093/infdis/148.1.177 PMid: 6309994
24. Johnson D, Azimi P. Kawasaki disease associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia and parainfluenza type 3 virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1985;4:100-3. doi: 10.1097/00006454-198501000-00024 PMID: 2982131
25. Embil JA, McFarlane ES, Murphy DM, et al. Adenovirus type 2 isolated from a patient with fatal Kawasaki disease. Can Med Assoc J 1985;132:1400. PMid: 4005729
26. Jaggi P, Kajon AE, Mejias A, et al. Human adenovirus infection in Kawasaki disease: a confounding bystander? Clin Infect Dis 2013;56:58-64. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis807 PMid: 23011145
27. Song E, Kajon AE, Wang H, et al. Clinical and virologic characteristics may aid distinction of acute adenovirus disease from Kawasaki disease with incidental adenovirus detection. J Pediatr 2016;170:325-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.11.021 PMid: 26707621
28. Okano M, Luka J, Thiele GM, et al. Human herpesvirus 6 infection and Kawasaki disease. J Clin Microbiol 1989;27:2379-80. PMid: 2555393
29. Hagiwara K, Komura H, Kishi F, Kaji T, Yoshida T. Isolation of human herpesvirus-6 from an infant with Kawasaki disease. Eur J Pediatr 1992;151:867-8. PMid: 1334835
30. Holm JM, Hansen LK, Oxhøj H. Kawasaki disease associated with parvovirus B19 infection. Eur J Pediatr 1995;154:633-4. doi: 10.1007/BF02079066 PMid: 7588963
31. Usta Guc B, Cengiz N, Yildirim SV, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection in a patient with atypical Kawasaki disease. Rheumatol Int 2008;28:387-9. doi: 10.1007/s00296-007-0440-4 PMid: 17717671
32. Kanegane H, Tsuji T, Seki H, et al. Kawasaki disease with a concomitant primary Epstein-Barr virus infection. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1994;36 713-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.1994.tb03277.x PMid: 7871990
33. Kikuta H, Matsumoto S, Yanase Y, et al. Recurrence of Kawasaki disease and Epstein-Barr virus infection. J Infect Dis 1990;162:1215. doi 10.1093/infdis/162.5.1215 PMid: 2172398
34. Kuijpers TW, Herweijer TJ, Scholvinck L, et al. Kawasaki disease associated with measles virus infection in a monozygotic twin. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:350-3. doi: 10.1097/00006454-200004000-00018 PMid: 10783028
35. Shingadia D, Bose A, Booy R. Could a herpesvirus be the cause of Kawasaki disease? Lancet Infect Dis 2002;2:310-3. doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(02)00265-7 PMid: 12062997
36. Lee DH, Huang HP. Kawasaki disease associated with chickenpox: report of two sibling cases. Acta Paediatr Taiwan 2004;45:94-6. PMid: 15335119
37. Joshi AV, Jones KD, Buckley AM, et al. Kawasaki disease coincident with influenza A H1N1/09 infection. Pediatr Int 2011;53:e1-2. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2010.03280.x PMid: 21342333
38. Huang X, Huang P, Zhang L, et al. Influenza infection and Kawasaki disease. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015;48:243-8. doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0091-2015 PMid: 26108000
39. Rigante D, Cantarini L, Piastra M, et al. Kawasaki syndrome and concurrent Coxsackie-virus B3 infection. Rheumatol Int 2012;32:4037-40. doi: 10.1007/s00296-010-1613-0 PMid: 21052673
40. Catalano-Pons C, Giraud C, Rozenberg F, et al. Detection of human bocavirus in children with Kawasaki disease. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007;13:1220-2. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01827.x PMid: 17850342
41. Santos RA, Nogueira CS, Granja S, et al. Kawasaki disease and human bocavirus-potential association? J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2011;44:235-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2011.01.016 PMid: 21524620
42. Bajolle F, Meritet JF, Rozenberg F, et al. Markers of a recent bocavirus infection in children with Kawasaki disease: "a year prospective study". Pathol Biol (Paris) 2014;62:365-8. doi: 10.1016/j.patbio.2014.06.002 PMid: 25193448
43. Thissen JB, Isshiki M, Jaing C, et al. A novel variant of torque teno virus 7 identified in patients with Kawasaki disease. PLoS One 2018;13(12):e0209683. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209683 PMid: 30592753
44. Maggio MC, Fabiano C, Corsello G. Kawasaki disease triggered by EBV virus in a child with familial Mediterranean fever. Ital J Pediatr 2019;45:129. doi: 10.1186/s13052-019-0717-8 PMid: 31627741
45. Maggio MC, Cimaz R, Alaimo A, et al. Kawasaki disease triggered by parvovirus infection: an atypical case report of two siblings. J Med Case Rep 2019;13:104. doi: 10.1186/s13256-019-2028-5 PMid: 31014402
46. Wang J, Sun F, Deng HL, et al. Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus infection in a patient with incomplete Kawasaki disease: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019;98(15):e15009. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000015009 PMid: 30985646
47. Chang LY, Lu CY, Shao PL, et al. Viral infections associated with Kawasaki disease. J Formos Med Assoc 2014;113:148-54. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2013.12.008 PMid: 24495555
48. Esper F, Shapiro ED, Weibel C, et al. Association between a novel human coronavirus and Kawasaki disease. J Infect Dis 2005;191:499-502. doi: 10.1086/428291 PMid: 15655771
49. Dominguez SR, Anderson MS, Glodé MP, et al. Blinded case-control study of the relationship between human coronavirus NL63 and Kawasaki syndrome. J Infect Dis 2006;194:1697-01. doi: 10.1086/509509 PMid: 17109341
50. Shirato K, Imada Y, Kawase M, et al. Possible involvement of infection with human coronavirus 229E, but not NL63, in Kawasaki disease. J Med Virol 2014;86:2146-53. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23950 PMid: 24760654
51. Jones VG, Mills M, Suarez D, et al. COVID-19 and Kawasaki disease: novel virus and novel case. Hosp Pediatr 2020;10:537-40. doi: 10.1542/hpeds.2020-0123 PMid: 32265235
52. Rivera-Figueroa EI, Santos R, Simpson S, et al. Incomplete Kawasaki Disease in a child with Covid-19. Indian Pediatr 2020 May 9:S097475591600179. PMid: 32393680
53. Verdoni L, Mazza A, Gervasoni A, et al. An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study. Lancet 2020;395(10239): 1771-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31103-X PMid: 32410760
54. Dufort EM, Koumans EH, Chow EJ, et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in New York State. N Engl J Med 2020 Jun 29. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2021756 PMid: 32598830
55. Rowley AH, Baker SC, Shulman ST, et al. RNA-containing cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in ciliated bronchial epithelium months to years after acute Kawasaki disease. PLoS One 2008;3:e1582. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001582 PMid: 18270572
56. Rowley AH, Baker SC, Shulman ST, et al. Ultrastructural, immunofluorescence, and RNA evidence support the hypothesis of a "new" virus associated with Kawasaki disease. J Infect Dis 2011;203:1021-30. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiq136 PMid: 21402552
57. L'Huillier AG, Brito F, Wagner N, et al. Identification of viral signatures using high-throughput sequencing on blood of patients with Kawasaki disease. Front Pediatr 2019;7:524. doi: 10.3389/fped.2019.00524 PMid: 31921732
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