NURSING MANAGEMENT OF HAEMORRHAGIC CYSTITIS IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING HAEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION: A MULTICENTRE ITALIAN SURVEY Nursing management of haemorrhagic cystitis
Main Article Content
Keywords
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation; Haemorrhagic cystitis; Management; Nursing; Prevention; Professional experience; Supportive measures; Survey; Treatment
Abstract
Abstract. Background: Haemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a severe complication occurring after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in 13-40% of patients, caused by infectious and/or non-infectious factors that increases the in-hospital length of stay and the risk of mortality of transplanted recipients. Although different management interventions have been suggested in literature, available knowledge on interventions performed by Italian nurses in their daily practices has not been documented to date.
Aim of the study: The objective of this study is to describe HC preventive and treatment interventions in patients undergoing HSCT as performed by Italian nurses in their daily practice.
Material and methods: A multicentre survey was conducted in 2018 inviting all 110 Italian HSCT centres belonging to the Italian Group for Bone Marrow Transplantation (GITMO). Data collection was performed with an online questionnaire submitted to GITMO reference nurses working in each HSCT centre. Descriptive statistics were performed.
Results: A total of 38 Italian centres participated. The preventive intervention most applied in daily care was the mesna administration (n=37; 97.4%), followed by intravenous hyperhydration (n=33; 86.8%) and forced diuresis with furosemide (n=24; 63.1%). Preventive continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) was performed in 13 centres (34.2%). Transfusions of blood products (n=32; 84.2%), CBI (n=31; 81.6%) and intravenous hydration (n=28; 73.7%) were the most applied treatments, beyond the administration of analgesics (n=38; 100.0%) and antispasmodics (n=26; 68.4%).
Conclusion: There is no gold standard for the prevention and treatment of HC in patients undergoing HSCT, although interventions applied by nurses agree with the literature. There is a need for methodological studies of higher quality, multicentre and prospective, that should focus even on nurses and supportive measures.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Abstract 985
PDF Downloads 707
HTML Downloads 140
References
1. Gonella S, Di Pasquale T, Palese A. Preventive measures for cyclophosphamide-related hemorrhagic cystitis in blood and bone marrow transplantation: an Italian multicenter retrospective study. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2015;19:E8-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/15.CJON.E8-E14
2. Hadjibabaie M, Alimoghaddam K, Shamshiri AR, Iravani M, Bahar B, Mousavi A, Jahani M, Khodabandeh A, Anvari Y, Gholami K, Ghavamzadeh A. Continuous bladder irrigation prevents hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Urol Onc. 2008;26:43-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2006.12.015
3. Hassan Z, Remberger M, Svenberg P, Elbander M, Omazic B, Mattsson J, Conrad R, Svahn BM, Ahlgren A, Sairafi D, Aschan J, Le Blanc K, Barkholt L, Ringde´n O. Hemorrhagic cystitis: a retrospective single?center survey. Clin Transplant. 2007;21:659-667. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0012.2007.00705.x
4. Tsuboi K, Kishi K, Ohmachi K, Yasuda Y, Shimizu T, Inoue H, Matsumoto M, Hattori K, Yoshiba F, Watanabe S, Ogawa Y, Kawada H, Yabe H, Yabe M, Kato S, Hotta T. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for hemorrhagic cystitis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003;32:903-907. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1704240
5. Sakurada M, Kondo T, Umeda M, Kawabata H, Yamashita K, Takaori-Kondo A. Successful treatment with intravesical cidofovir for virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a case report and a review of the literature. J Infect Chemother. 2016;22:495-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2016.01.013
6. Cesaro S, Pillon M, Tridello G, Aljurf M, Martino R, Schroyens W, Nozzoli C, Barba P, Faraci M, Fagioli F, Cappelli B, Cordonnier C, Al-Mohareb F, Floisand Y, Greil J, Panizzolo IS, Santarone S. Relationship between clinical and BK virological response in patients with late hemorrhagic cystitis treated with cidofovir: a retrospective study from the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2013;48:809-813. https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2012.247
7. Lee GW, Lee JH, Choi SJ, Kim S, Seol M, Kim WK, Lee JS, Lee KH. Hemorrhagic cystitis following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. J Korean Med Sci. 2003;18:191-195. https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2015.162
8. Federoff A. BK virus in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2008;12:895-900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/08.CJON.895-900
9. Xu LP, Zhang HY, Huang XJ, Liu KY, Liu DH, Han W, Chen H, Chen YH, Gao ZY, Zhang YC, Lu DP. Hemorrhagic cystitis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: incidence, risk factors and association with CMV reactivation and graft-versus-host disease. Chin Med J. 2007;120:1666-1671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00029330-200710010-00004
10. Gaziev J, Paba P, Miano R, Germani S, Sodani P, Bove P, Perno CF, Marziali M, Gallucci C, Isgrò A, Paciaroni K, Roveda A, Simone MD, De Angelis G, Alfieri C, Lucarelli G. Late-onset hemorrhagic cystitis in children after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for thalassemia and sickle cell anemia: a prospective evaluation of polyoma (BK) virus infection and treatment with cidofovir. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2010;16:662-671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2009.12.009
11. Russell SJ, Vowels MR, Vale T. Haemorragic cystitis in paediatric bone marrow transplant patients: An association with infective agents, GVHD, and prior cyclophosphamide. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1994;13:533-539. PMid:8054906
12. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX (Anonymised for blinded review)
13. Vose JM, Reed EC, Pippert GC, Anderson JR, Bierman PJ, Kessinger A, Spinolo J, Armitage JO. Mesna compared with continuous bladder irrigation as uroprotection during high-dose chemotherapy and transplantation: a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:1306-1310. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1993.11.7.1306
14. Miller AN, Glode A, Hogan KR, Schaub C, Kramer C, Stuart RK, Costa LJ. Efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin for prophylaxis of polyomavirus BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2011;17(8):1176-1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.12.700
15. Philippe M, Ranchon F, Gilis L, Schwiertz V, Vantard N, Ader F, Labussiere-Wallet H, Thomas X, Nicolini FE, Wattel E, Ducastelle-Leprêtre S, Barraco F, Lebras L, Salles G, Michallet M, Rioufol C. Cidofovir in the treatment of BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective study and a literature review. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2016;22:723-730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.12.009
16. Gilis L, Morisset S, Billaud G, Ducastelle-Leprêtre S, Labussiere-Wallet H, Nicolini FE, Barraco F, Detrat M, Thomas X, Tedone N, Sobh M, Chidiac C, Ferry T, Salles G, Michallet M, Ader F, on behalf of the Lyon BK virus Study group. High burden of BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2014;49:664-670. https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2013.235
17. Lee SS, Ahn JS, Jung SH, Ahn SY, Kim JY, Jang HC, Kang SJ, Jang MO, Yang DH, Kim YK, Lee JJ, Kim HJ. Treatment of BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis with low-dose intravenous cidofovir in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Korean J Intern Med. 2015;30:212-219. https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2015.30.2.212
18. Paduch DA. Viral lower urinary tract infections. Curr Urol Rep. 2007;8:324-335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-007-0080-y
19. Mackey MC. Intravesicular cidofovir for the treatment of polyomavirus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis. Ann Pharmacother. 2012;46:442-446. https://doi.org/10.1345%2Faph.1Q430
20. Miyamura K, Hamaguchi M, Taji H, Kanie T, Kohno A, Tanimoto M, Saito H, Kojima S, Matsuyama T, Kitaori K, Nagafuji K, Sato T, Kodera Y. Successful ribavirin therapy for severe adenovirus hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic marrow transplant from close HLA donors rather than distant donors. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000;25:545-548. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1702195
21. Ippoliti C, Przepiorka D, Mehra R, Neumann J, Wood J, Claxton D, Gajewski J, Khouri I, Van Besien K, Andersson B, Deisseroth AB, Dinney CP. Intravesicular carboprost for the treatment of hemorrhagic cystitis after marrow transplantation. Urology. 1995;46:811-815. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(99)80349-5
22. Laszlo D, Bosi A, Guidi S, Saccardi R, Vannucchi AM, Lombardini L, Longo G, Fanci R, Azzi A, De Santis R, Rossi Ferrini P. Prostaglandin E2 bladder instillation for the treatment of hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Haematologica. 1995;80:421-425. PMid:8566882
23. Roskopf J, Fitzsimmons W, Ahsan N, Laskow D. The pharmacologic treatment of human polyomavirus infection. Graft. 2002;5:88-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1522162802238461
24. Miodosky M, Abdul-Hai A, Tsirigotis P, Or R, Bitan M, Resnick IB, Gesundheit B, Zilberman I, Ioffe L, Leubovic A, Slavin S, Shapira MY. Treatment of post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation hemorrhagic cystitis with intravesicular sodium hyaluronate. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006;38:507-511. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1705474
25. Tirindelli MC, Flammia G, Sergi F, Cerretti R, Cudillo L, Picardi A, Postorino M, Annibali O, Greco R, Avvisati G, Arcese W, for the Rome Transplant Network. Fibrin glue for refractory hemorrhagic cystitis after unrelated marrow, cord blood, and haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transfusion. 2009;49:170-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01934.x
26. Tzannou I, Papadopoulou A, Naik S, Leung K, Martinez CA, Ramos CA, Carrum G, Sasa G, Lulla P, Watanabe A, Kuvalekar M, Gee AP, Wu MF, Liu H, Grilley BJ, Krance RA, Gottschalk S, Brenner MK, Rooney CM, Heslop HE, Leen AM, Omer B. Off-the-shelf virus-specific t cells to treat bk virus, human herpesvirus 6, cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus, and adenovirus infections after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35:3547-3557. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.73.0655
27. Mani J, Jin N, Schmitt M. Cellular immunotherapy for patients with reactivation of JC and BK polyomaviruses after transplantation. Cytotherapy. 2014;16:1325-1335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.04.003
28. Dropulic LK, Jones RJ. Polyomavirus BK infection in blood and marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2008;41:11-18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bmt.1705886
29. Cesaro S, Berger M, Tridello G, Mikulska M, Ward KN, Ljungman P, van der Werf S, Averbuch D, Styczynski J; Infectious Disease Working Party of EBMT. A survey on incidence and management of adenovirus infection after allogeneic HSCT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41409-018-0421-0
30. Schneidewind L, Neumann T, Kranz J,Knoll F, Pelzer AE, Schmidt C, Krüger W. Nationwide survey of BK polyomavirus associated hemorrhagic cystitis in adult allogeneic stem cell transplantation among haematologists and urologists. Ann Hematol. 2017;96:797-803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-017-2935-8
31. Gargiulo G, Olando L, Alberani F, Crabu G, Di Maio A, Duranti L, Errico A, Liptrott S, Pitrone R, Santarone S, Soliman C, Trunfio A, Selleri C, Bruno B, Mammoliti S, Pane F. Haemorrhagic cystitis in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT): a prospective observational study of incidence and management in HSCT centres within the GITMO network (Gruppo Italiano Trapianto Midollo Osseo). Ecancermedicalscience. 2014;8:420. https://dx.doi.org/10.3332%2Fecancer.2014.420
32. National Cancer Institute (NCI). Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v5.0 Quick Reference 5x7. 2017:119. https://ctep.cancer.gov/protocoldevelopment/electronic_applications/docs/CTCAE_v5_Quick_Reference_5x7.pdf (accessed 20 February 2019).
33. Bedi A, Miller CB, Hanson JL, Goodman S, Ambinder RF, Charache P, Arthur RR, Jones RJ. Association of BK virus with failure of prophylaxis against hemorrhagic cystitis following bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Onc. 1995;13:1103-1109. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1995.13.5.1103
34. Droller MJ, Saral R, Santos G. Prevention of cyclophosphamide- induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Urology. 1982;20:256-258. PMid:7123717
35. Leung AYH, Chan MTL, Yuen KY, Cheng VCC, Chan KH, Wong CLP, Liang R, Lie AKW, Kwong YL. Ciprofloxacin decreased polyoma BK virus load in patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(4):528-537. https://doi.org/10.1086/427291
36. Breitz H, Wendt R, Stabin M, Bouchet L, Wessels B. Dosimetry of high dose skeletal targeted radiotherapy (STR) with 166Ho-DOTMP. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2003;18(2):225-230. https://doi.org/10.1089/108497803765036391
37. Giralt S, Bensinger W, Goodman M, Podoloff D, Eary J, Wendt R, Alexanian R, Weber D, Maloney D, Holmberg L, Rajandran J, Breitz H, Ghalie R, Champlin R. 166Ho-DOTMP plus melphalan followed by peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma: results of two phase 1/2 trials. Blood. 2003;102:2684-2691. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-10-3250
38. Ganguly N, Clough LA, DuBois LK, Mcguirk JP, Abhyankar S, Aljitawi OS, O’Neal N, Divine CL, Ganguly S. Low-dose cidofovir in the treatment of symptomatic BK virus infection in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective analysis of an algorithmic approach. Transpl Infect Dis. 2010;12:406-411. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2010.00513.x
39. Bridges B, Donegan S, Badros A. Cidofovir bladder instillation for the treatment of BK virus hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Am J Hematol. 2006;81:535-537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajh.20567
40. Miller LJ, Chandler SW, Ippoliti CM. Treatment of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis with prostaglandins. Ann Pharmacother. 1994;28(5):590-594. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F106002809402800508
41. Yasar N, Akin S. Evaluation of quality of life and care needs of Turkish patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Nurs Res Pract. 2016. ID 9604524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9604524
42. Grulke N, Albani C, Bailer H. Quality of life in patients before and after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation measured with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Core Questionnaire QLQ-C30. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2012;47(4):473-482. https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2011.107
43. Sencer SF, Haake RJ, Weisdorf DJ. Hemorrhagic cystitis after bone marrow transplantation. Risk factors and complications. Transplantation. 1993;56(4):875-879. https://dx.doi.org/10.3324%2Fhaematol.2009.016758
44. Bearman SI, Appelbaum FR, Buckner CD, Petersen FB, Fisher LD, Clift RA, Thomas ED. Regimen-related toxicity in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 1988;6(10):1562-1568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1988.6.10.1562
2. Hadjibabaie M, Alimoghaddam K, Shamshiri AR, Iravani M, Bahar B, Mousavi A, Jahani M, Khodabandeh A, Anvari Y, Gholami K, Ghavamzadeh A. Continuous bladder irrigation prevents hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Urol Onc. 2008;26:43-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2006.12.015
3. Hassan Z, Remberger M, Svenberg P, Elbander M, Omazic B, Mattsson J, Conrad R, Svahn BM, Ahlgren A, Sairafi D, Aschan J, Le Blanc K, Barkholt L, Ringde´n O. Hemorrhagic cystitis: a retrospective single?center survey. Clin Transplant. 2007;21:659-667. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0012.2007.00705.x
4. Tsuboi K, Kishi K, Ohmachi K, Yasuda Y, Shimizu T, Inoue H, Matsumoto M, Hattori K, Yoshiba F, Watanabe S, Ogawa Y, Kawada H, Yabe H, Yabe M, Kato S, Hotta T. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for hemorrhagic cystitis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003;32:903-907. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1704240
5. Sakurada M, Kondo T, Umeda M, Kawabata H, Yamashita K, Takaori-Kondo A. Successful treatment with intravesical cidofovir for virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a case report and a review of the literature. J Infect Chemother. 2016;22:495-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2016.01.013
6. Cesaro S, Pillon M, Tridello G, Aljurf M, Martino R, Schroyens W, Nozzoli C, Barba P, Faraci M, Fagioli F, Cappelli B, Cordonnier C, Al-Mohareb F, Floisand Y, Greil J, Panizzolo IS, Santarone S. Relationship between clinical and BK virological response in patients with late hemorrhagic cystitis treated with cidofovir: a retrospective study from the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2013;48:809-813. https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2012.247
7. Lee GW, Lee JH, Choi SJ, Kim S, Seol M, Kim WK, Lee JS, Lee KH. Hemorrhagic cystitis following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. J Korean Med Sci. 2003;18:191-195. https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2015.162
8. Federoff A. BK virus in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2008;12:895-900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/08.CJON.895-900
9. Xu LP, Zhang HY, Huang XJ, Liu KY, Liu DH, Han W, Chen H, Chen YH, Gao ZY, Zhang YC, Lu DP. Hemorrhagic cystitis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: incidence, risk factors and association with CMV reactivation and graft-versus-host disease. Chin Med J. 2007;120:1666-1671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00029330-200710010-00004
10. Gaziev J, Paba P, Miano R, Germani S, Sodani P, Bove P, Perno CF, Marziali M, Gallucci C, Isgrò A, Paciaroni K, Roveda A, Simone MD, De Angelis G, Alfieri C, Lucarelli G. Late-onset hemorrhagic cystitis in children after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for thalassemia and sickle cell anemia: a prospective evaluation of polyoma (BK) virus infection and treatment with cidofovir. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2010;16:662-671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2009.12.009
11. Russell SJ, Vowels MR, Vale T. Haemorragic cystitis in paediatric bone marrow transplant patients: An association with infective agents, GVHD, and prior cyclophosphamide. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1994;13:533-539. PMid:8054906
12. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX (Anonymised for blinded review)
13. Vose JM, Reed EC, Pippert GC, Anderson JR, Bierman PJ, Kessinger A, Spinolo J, Armitage JO. Mesna compared with continuous bladder irrigation as uroprotection during high-dose chemotherapy and transplantation: a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:1306-1310. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1993.11.7.1306
14. Miller AN, Glode A, Hogan KR, Schaub C, Kramer C, Stuart RK, Costa LJ. Efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin for prophylaxis of polyomavirus BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2011;17(8):1176-1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.12.700
15. Philippe M, Ranchon F, Gilis L, Schwiertz V, Vantard N, Ader F, Labussiere-Wallet H, Thomas X, Nicolini FE, Wattel E, Ducastelle-Leprêtre S, Barraco F, Lebras L, Salles G, Michallet M, Rioufol C. Cidofovir in the treatment of BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective study and a literature review. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2016;22:723-730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.12.009
16. Gilis L, Morisset S, Billaud G, Ducastelle-Leprêtre S, Labussiere-Wallet H, Nicolini FE, Barraco F, Detrat M, Thomas X, Tedone N, Sobh M, Chidiac C, Ferry T, Salles G, Michallet M, Ader F, on behalf of the Lyon BK virus Study group. High burden of BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2014;49:664-670. https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2013.235
17. Lee SS, Ahn JS, Jung SH, Ahn SY, Kim JY, Jang HC, Kang SJ, Jang MO, Yang DH, Kim YK, Lee JJ, Kim HJ. Treatment of BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis with low-dose intravenous cidofovir in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Korean J Intern Med. 2015;30:212-219. https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2015.30.2.212
18. Paduch DA. Viral lower urinary tract infections. Curr Urol Rep. 2007;8:324-335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-007-0080-y
19. Mackey MC. Intravesicular cidofovir for the treatment of polyomavirus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis. Ann Pharmacother. 2012;46:442-446. https://doi.org/10.1345%2Faph.1Q430
20. Miyamura K, Hamaguchi M, Taji H, Kanie T, Kohno A, Tanimoto M, Saito H, Kojima S, Matsuyama T, Kitaori K, Nagafuji K, Sato T, Kodera Y. Successful ribavirin therapy for severe adenovirus hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic marrow transplant from close HLA donors rather than distant donors. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000;25:545-548. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1702195
21. Ippoliti C, Przepiorka D, Mehra R, Neumann J, Wood J, Claxton D, Gajewski J, Khouri I, Van Besien K, Andersson B, Deisseroth AB, Dinney CP. Intravesicular carboprost for the treatment of hemorrhagic cystitis after marrow transplantation. Urology. 1995;46:811-815. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(99)80349-5
22. Laszlo D, Bosi A, Guidi S, Saccardi R, Vannucchi AM, Lombardini L, Longo G, Fanci R, Azzi A, De Santis R, Rossi Ferrini P. Prostaglandin E2 bladder instillation for the treatment of hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Haematologica. 1995;80:421-425. PMid:8566882
23. Roskopf J, Fitzsimmons W, Ahsan N, Laskow D. The pharmacologic treatment of human polyomavirus infection. Graft. 2002;5:88-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1522162802238461
24. Miodosky M, Abdul-Hai A, Tsirigotis P, Or R, Bitan M, Resnick IB, Gesundheit B, Zilberman I, Ioffe L, Leubovic A, Slavin S, Shapira MY. Treatment of post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation hemorrhagic cystitis with intravesicular sodium hyaluronate. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006;38:507-511. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1705474
25. Tirindelli MC, Flammia G, Sergi F, Cerretti R, Cudillo L, Picardi A, Postorino M, Annibali O, Greco R, Avvisati G, Arcese W, for the Rome Transplant Network. Fibrin glue for refractory hemorrhagic cystitis after unrelated marrow, cord blood, and haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transfusion. 2009;49:170-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01934.x
26. Tzannou I, Papadopoulou A, Naik S, Leung K, Martinez CA, Ramos CA, Carrum G, Sasa G, Lulla P, Watanabe A, Kuvalekar M, Gee AP, Wu MF, Liu H, Grilley BJ, Krance RA, Gottschalk S, Brenner MK, Rooney CM, Heslop HE, Leen AM, Omer B. Off-the-shelf virus-specific t cells to treat bk virus, human herpesvirus 6, cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus, and adenovirus infections after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35:3547-3557. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.73.0655
27. Mani J, Jin N, Schmitt M. Cellular immunotherapy for patients with reactivation of JC and BK polyomaviruses after transplantation. Cytotherapy. 2014;16:1325-1335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.04.003
28. Dropulic LK, Jones RJ. Polyomavirus BK infection in blood and marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2008;41:11-18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bmt.1705886
29. Cesaro S, Berger M, Tridello G, Mikulska M, Ward KN, Ljungman P, van der Werf S, Averbuch D, Styczynski J; Infectious Disease Working Party of EBMT. A survey on incidence and management of adenovirus infection after allogeneic HSCT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41409-018-0421-0
30. Schneidewind L, Neumann T, Kranz J,Knoll F, Pelzer AE, Schmidt C, Krüger W. Nationwide survey of BK polyomavirus associated hemorrhagic cystitis in adult allogeneic stem cell transplantation among haematologists and urologists. Ann Hematol. 2017;96:797-803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-017-2935-8
31. Gargiulo G, Olando L, Alberani F, Crabu G, Di Maio A, Duranti L, Errico A, Liptrott S, Pitrone R, Santarone S, Soliman C, Trunfio A, Selleri C, Bruno B, Mammoliti S, Pane F. Haemorrhagic cystitis in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT): a prospective observational study of incidence and management in HSCT centres within the GITMO network (Gruppo Italiano Trapianto Midollo Osseo). Ecancermedicalscience. 2014;8:420. https://dx.doi.org/10.3332%2Fecancer.2014.420
32. National Cancer Institute (NCI). Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v5.0 Quick Reference 5x7. 2017:119. https://ctep.cancer.gov/protocoldevelopment/electronic_applications/docs/CTCAE_v5_Quick_Reference_5x7.pdf (accessed 20 February 2019).
33. Bedi A, Miller CB, Hanson JL, Goodman S, Ambinder RF, Charache P, Arthur RR, Jones RJ. Association of BK virus with failure of prophylaxis against hemorrhagic cystitis following bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Onc. 1995;13:1103-1109. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1995.13.5.1103
34. Droller MJ, Saral R, Santos G. Prevention of cyclophosphamide- induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Urology. 1982;20:256-258. PMid:7123717
35. Leung AYH, Chan MTL, Yuen KY, Cheng VCC, Chan KH, Wong CLP, Liang R, Lie AKW, Kwong YL. Ciprofloxacin decreased polyoma BK virus load in patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(4):528-537. https://doi.org/10.1086/427291
36. Breitz H, Wendt R, Stabin M, Bouchet L, Wessels B. Dosimetry of high dose skeletal targeted radiotherapy (STR) with 166Ho-DOTMP. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2003;18(2):225-230. https://doi.org/10.1089/108497803765036391
37. Giralt S, Bensinger W, Goodman M, Podoloff D, Eary J, Wendt R, Alexanian R, Weber D, Maloney D, Holmberg L, Rajandran J, Breitz H, Ghalie R, Champlin R. 166Ho-DOTMP plus melphalan followed by peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma: results of two phase 1/2 trials. Blood. 2003;102:2684-2691. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-10-3250
38. Ganguly N, Clough LA, DuBois LK, Mcguirk JP, Abhyankar S, Aljitawi OS, O’Neal N, Divine CL, Ganguly S. Low-dose cidofovir in the treatment of symptomatic BK virus infection in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective analysis of an algorithmic approach. Transpl Infect Dis. 2010;12:406-411. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2010.00513.x
39. Bridges B, Donegan S, Badros A. Cidofovir bladder instillation for the treatment of BK virus hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Am J Hematol. 2006;81:535-537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajh.20567
40. Miller LJ, Chandler SW, Ippoliti CM. Treatment of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis with prostaglandins. Ann Pharmacother. 1994;28(5):590-594. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F106002809402800508
41. Yasar N, Akin S. Evaluation of quality of life and care needs of Turkish patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Nurs Res Pract. 2016. ID 9604524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9604524
42. Grulke N, Albani C, Bailer H. Quality of life in patients before and after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation measured with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Core Questionnaire QLQ-C30. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2012;47(4):473-482. https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2011.107
43. Sencer SF, Haake RJ, Weisdorf DJ. Hemorrhagic cystitis after bone marrow transplantation. Risk factors and complications. Transplantation. 1993;56(4):875-879. https://dx.doi.org/10.3324%2Fhaematol.2009.016758
44. Bearman SI, Appelbaum FR, Buckner CD, Petersen FB, Fisher LD, Clift RA, Thomas ED. Regimen-related toxicity in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 1988;6(10):1562-1568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1988.6.10.1562