Rhino-Orbital-Cerebral Mucormycosis after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Isavuconazole Therapeutic Drug Monitoring during Intestinal Graft versus Host Disease
Received: July 12, 2019
Accepted: September 19, 2019
Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2019, 11(1): e2019061 DOI 10.4084/MJHID.2019.061
This is an Open Access article distributed
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Abstract A
diagnosis of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis was made in a
59-year-old man with a secondary acute myeloid leukemia a few days
after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Prompt treatment with
combined antifungal therapy (liposomal amphotericin B and
isavuconazole) followed by a procedure of endoscopic sinus surgery
resulted in the resolution of the infection. Therapeutic drug
monitoring of isavuconazole was performed during the year of treatment
showing an increment of plasma concentrations in correspondence with
the improvement of intestinal GvHD, thus suggesting that in this or
similar conditions TDM for isavuconazole can be of value. |
Introduction
Case Presentation
Day +1 from HSCT, the patient complained, on the right side of the face, a sharp pain mimicking trigeminal neuralgia and responsive to high doses of morphine. CT scan of brain and sinuses showed a picture of pansinusitis. At day +2, after a sudden onset of fever, empirical antibacterial therapy (piperacillin/tazobactam plus amikacin) and antifungal therapy with liposomal amphotericin B (L-Amb) were started. Diplopia occurred in day +6, a palsy of VI right cranial nerve was detected plus a sensitive deficit of V cranial nerve of the same side. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain and sinuses plus MR angiography with contrast dye showed the presence of a mycetoma in the right sphenoidal sinus associated with thrombophlebitis of the cavernous sinus, thrombosis of the superior ophthalmic vein and possible involvement of temporal meninges in contiguity with the bone cavity.
Blood indirect biomarkers for the detection of a fungal infection (1,3-beta-D-glucan and galactomannan) were negatives over the entire period. Antifungal therapy was reinforced, a combination of L-AmB at the dosage of 7.5 mg/Kg/die plus iv isavuconazole (ISC) 200 mg (375 mg of isavuconazonium sulfate equivalent to 200 mg of ISC) every 8 hours for six doses followed by 200 mg/die was started. Day +11, the patient, still in aplasia (WBC 10/mm3, Hb 7.0 g/dl, platelets 10000/mm3), underwent a procedure of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) after transfusions of blood components with no complications. The cultural and histological examination does not reveal presence of hyphae; Rhizomucor was identified by amplification and sequencing of two Internal Transcribed Spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) in rRNA gene. The Sanger sequencing was performed after amplification using ITS1-Forward and ITS4-reverse primers.[3]
The patient achieved myeloid engraftment at day +16 and became afebrile. The trigeminal neuralgia regressed although the VI right cranial nerve palsy persistence, antibiotics were stopped and the combined antifungal therapy was continued. A new MRI, at day +41, revealed the presence of a brain mycotic abscess with associated vasogenic cerebral edema of the right temporal lobe (Figure 1). Although the involvement of the cavernous sinus was detected, an excisional neurosurgery intervention of the cerebral abscess was not undertaken considering the procedural high-risk balanced to the benefits of an incomplete drainage. The patient was discharged, ISC was switched to oral formulation, and L-AmB was administered in an outpatient setting for 74 days in total. Cyclosporine administration was stopped one month after transplantation for fear to promote Rhizomucor growth and further dissemination. The general condition of the patient worsened; he lost 30 Kg of weight in total, parenteral nutrition was started. We were forced to introduce steroid therapy (prednisone 1 mg/Kg/die) for severe gastrointestinal, cutaneous and ocular GvHD. Because the response of cutaneous GvHD to steroids was not adequate, extracorporeal photoapheresis was started with benefit. Megestrol acetate, an orexigenic, was dispensed to treat cachexia. ISC dosage was increased to 300 mg/die in consideration of ISC plasma concentrations (Figure 2); deferasirox was reintroduced in therapy.
Figure 1. MRI images showing endocranial mycotic abscess at day 41 and the result at the end of treatment with ISC, day 359. |
At six months from HSCT, a new MRI of the brain showed the reduction of the para-cavernous abscess with partial reabsorption of the purulent quote and temporal lobe edema (Figure 1). Complete thrombosis of the right internal carotid artery was detected but patient remained completely asymptomatic for it. We decided to continue antifungal therapy with ISC at 300 mg/die then we reduced the dosage to 200 mg/die based on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM).
Patient’s mood improved and body weight with it, he started to have a complete meal and to walk again with crutches. Palsy of VI right cranial nerve regressed almost completely; prednisone was reduced and maintain to a dose of 10 mg/die for hepatic and intestinal GvHD. Revaluation of bone marrow at one year from HSCT confirmed full donor chimerism. Brain MRI revealed further reduction of the endocranial mycotic abscess (8 x 3 mm), no purulent quote was present. In accordance with clinical improvement we considered it a full response, and we decided to stop isavuconazole after 354 days of treatment.
Literature Review of Cases of Rhino-Orbital-Cerebral Mucormycosis in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients
Table 1. Case series of ROCM or rhino-cerebral mucormycosis (RCM) in which infection was diagnosed during or after allogeneic HSCT. |
Discussion
Serum test, 1,3-beta-D-glucan assay, and galactomannan assay are not useful in patients suspected of having mucormycosis because Mucorales do not have these components on cell wall. Identification of the pathogen most often comes from microscopy, culture, histopathological examination and/or sequencing of specific DNA regions on biopsy samples but it is essential to know that no more than 50% of cases are diagnosed by combined histopathology and culture; molecular techniques are intriguing and increasingly used methods that can be rapidly performed, on different samples (for instance on blood), in the suspicious and/or in the monitoring of the infection with less or no procedural risks for patients.[3]
Optimal therapy requires a multidisciplinary approach consisting on a prompt antifungal therapy, reversal of underlying predisposing conditions (whenever possible, e.g. severe neutropenia) and surgical debridement is recommended, when feasible.[11] The use of deferasirox in mucormycosis is debated: it has been demonstrated that deferasirox, contrary to deferoxamine, do not act as siderophore for Mucorales indeed it has a fungicidal effect;[12] the result of higher mortality rate at 90 days in the group of deferasirox plus L-AmB compared to L-AmB alone in a very small (n= 20) prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of hematologic patients appears very difficult to interpret because of important imbalanced characteristics between two treatment groups.[13] To sum up we suggest to introduce deferasirox in mucormycosis treatment as soon as possible; this is what we did with our patient. Moreover, we administered iron chelator few weeks before transplantation to reduce high levels of ferritinemia due to several blood transfusions, despite this we consider iron overload in our patient as one of the major culprits of the early onset of the infection after HSCT, together with the condition of aplasia and immunosuppression.
Concerning antifungal therapy tout-court, we initially adopted a combined treatment with L-AmB and ISC, followed by a prompt surgical debridement. Next we stepped down therapy to ISC only, because of patient inability to attend daily the outpatient clinic (Italian National Health Service does not allow L-Amb administration in a home setting therapy). ISC is a broad-spectrum azole drug with activity against yeasts, mould and dimorphic fungi, and it has been approved by FDA as first-line treatment for mucormycosis and by EMA in cases in which L-AmB is inappropriate.[14] Considering the condition of profound immunosuppression of our patient and in light of CNS involvement we opted for a combined antifungal therapy ab initio, as already reported from other groups.[15] Although many works declare no apparent relationship between exposure and efficacy to suggest routine TDM for ISC, the same raise the issue for patients with intestinal GvHD in which drug absorption through the oral route can be decreased and in cases of CNS involvement.[16] In our patient ISC plasma concentrations after switch to oral formulation were below expected range of values, 2000-4000 ng/ml considering ISC Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations for Rhizomucor from previous studies[17] (ISC plasma concentrations were assessed by an HLPC/GC-mass spectrometry assay),[18] coinciding with a severe intestinal GvHD so we opted for an increment in dosage to 300 mg/die. However, ISC plasma concentrations grew up dramatically only after improvement of intestinal GvHD although the reduction in ISC dosage. A recently published work assessing ISC plasma concentration in 19 patients with hematologic malignancies (six of them previously undergone allogeneic HSCT) retrospectively observed an increment in ISC concentration overtime during treatment, authors speculate that the increasing trend could be due to expected drug accumulation in tissues and consequently in plasma.[19] Regardless of different possible explications we can formulate for the trend of TDM, it is crucial to identify ISC efficacy concentration thresholds. The aim is to pursue a correct dose adjustment in those patients, like HSCT recipients, in whom intestinal absorption is reduced and in whom concomitant medications can modify ISC concentrations.[20] In lack of defined thresholds we believe that in this hematologic setting of large interpatient pharmacokinetic variability, TDM of ISC can be a tool of value to sustain clinician in the decision-making giving the possibility to compare drug exposure of the patient to results that came out from clinical trials and to those they are coming out on real-world practice.
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